Charging is inefficient, some of the energy doesn’t go into the battery and instead is released as heat. That heats up the processor, which risks overheating so it has to reduced clock speed. In a phone everything is closer together, so the heat from the battery is going to have a more direct effect on the processor
Charging your device is simply restocking energy. Energy in this form also transforms to heat.
Using the device also generates heat, so when you simultaneously charge AND use the device there could be more strain on the device (battery) which in term generates more heat.
Slower chargers generate less heat and so some devices are barely affected.
To reduce heat, the device is being run slower which.. makes it generate less heat.
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