Well I just looked it up and it looks like it’s a combination of calculating using the force of gravity on the surface of the planet and making educated guesses as to what the core is made of based on the surroundings of the planet. The article I read explained that scientists know earth’s core is probably mostly iron because it’s extremely common in our solar system and I know from my high school physics class that there are a wealth of equations that could give you the size of one sphere within another based on their materials their masses and their gravitational pulls etc. I’m not professionally educated in this regard though…
http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150814-what-is-at-the-centre-of-earth
We can tell what the composition of the earth’s interior is by measuring seismic waves emitted by Earthquakes different materials affect the waves in certain ways such as speed and direction changes and we can measure that and I think we do the same for other planets using probes also I believe by observing a planets magnetic field we can get an idea of what’s under the surface but don’t quote me on that I’m not entirely sure
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