Tags â € "youâ € ™ re It! The low on RFID Tags
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RFID Tags Using different frequencies
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Understanding Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) may seem like a jungle sometimes. The components are simple enough: RFID tags, antennas RFID readers and RFID. The difficult question, when you start down the road RFID, is what is the right frequency for the application and which combination of RFID tags, RFID readers and RFID antenna is the right combination?
RFID tags are categorized by frequency. RFID tags, antennas and readers are tuned like a radio is tuned to a specific frequency to receive different stations. RFID has several flavors of this technology. For example, low high-frequency RFID frequency and RFID tags can be used globally without a license.
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RFID tags are labeled with Radio Frequency
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RFID Frequency Groupings
1.a   Low Frequency RFID Tags [PK1]  (125kHz or 134.2kHz)
2.a   RFID tags High-frequency (13.56 MHz)
3.a   RFID Tag UHF (868 MHz to 956 MHz) aka Gen2 RFID
4.a   Microwave RFID tags (2.45 GHz)
Individual countries regulate the use of different frequencies differently
Ultra-high frequency (UHF) RFID tags can not be used globally as there is no single global standard. Europe uses 868 MHz for UHF RFID applications North America, while using 915 MHz .. Â In North America, UHF can be used without license for RFID technology to 902 - 928 MHz (+ / -13 MHz from 915 MHz center frequency), but restrictions exist for transmission power. In Europe, RFID is regulated by ETSI recommendations EN 300 220 and EN 302 208, and ERO recommendation 70 03. This allows operation of RFID tags from 865-868 MHz North America UHF standard is not accepted in France as it interferes with its military bands for Australia and New Zealand, 918 - 926 MHz are unlicensed, but restrictions exist for transmission power. The use of RFID tags 2.45GHz microwaves are limited in Israel, China and Japan.
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Different vertical markets require different RFID tags as each frequency range has its advantages and disadvantages. Low Frequency RFID Tag (LF), are less costly to the producer of Ultra High Frequency (UHF) RFID tags. UHF RFID offers better read / write range and can transfer data faster than other RFID tags. RIFD HF tags work best at close range and are very effective to penetrate non-metal objects especially objects with high water content.
 Attention recently has been focused on the supply chain. The initiatives led by Walmart and the DoD have created a new level of awareness of RFID. These initiatives have also accelerated the creation of new GEN 2 RFID standard. GEN 2 is starting to unseat some legacy RFID practices.Â
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 Several types of RFID tags
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There are two types of RFID tags: active RFID tags and passive RFID tags.
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Passive RFID tags have no internal power supply. Instead, a small electric current is created when the antenna in an incoming signal is reached. This stream provides enough power to turn briefly to the tag, usually enough time for relay simple information, such as an ID number or the name of the product. Because passive RFID tags do not contain a power supply, which can be very small, sometimes a thin piece of paper. Passive RFID tags can be activated from a distance of ten millimeters to more than six meters.
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Active RFID tags contain a power source interior, which allows you to read a long haul and more memory on the tag itself. The power source can also store information sent from the transmitter. Active RFID are larger than passive tags - usually slightly larger than a coin. They can be read from several meters away and generally have a battery life approximately ten years. Benefits of active tags include accuracy, reliability and superior performance in adverse environments, RFID, such as water or metal.
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The main benefits of active RFID tags that can be read at a distance of a hundred meters or more and may have other sensors that can use electricity for power. Active RFID may be longer of any tag. Active RFID tags can perform independent monitoring and control and start communication. These tags can perform diagnostics and be equipped with autonomous networking. The disadvantages of active RFID tags are tags that can not function without battery, which limits the duration of the tag. Active RFID is more expensive often cost $ 20 or more per tag. The tag is physically larger, which may limit the use in certain applications. Maintenance costs for active RFID tags is greater than a passive tag when the batteries should be checked and replaced. Battery failure in an active RFID tag may result in expensive misreads.
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Once the frequency range is determined, then it's time to choose an antenna that best suits the application. RFID antennas are connected to an RFID tag via a cable. Antennas come in all shapes and sizes. The size and power output of the antenna determines the interval to read the application. Large antennas used with Active RFID tags may have a radius of 100 meters or more. Large antennas used with Passive RFID tags have generally a range of less than 10 feet. There are dock door antennas (some times called Portals) that allow a forklift driver to drive between two antennas. Information can be gathered from the tags without the forklift driver to stop. There are RFID antennas that mount between rollers on conveyors for reading / writing from below. While other antennas are available that mount to the side or above the conveyors. In many applications of warehouse lift trucks are equipped with an RFID antenna. In operations retail sale of the product is monitored using â € ~ € ™ Smart Shelf antennas. Handheld portable readers are generally limited to use small antennas RFID.
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The right for RFID Application  Â
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RFID is used in almost every industry today. The list of questions is endless. Some applications need RFID tags that can handle very harsh environments. Some applications need tags that can be read distance. Some applications need tags that can be read at high speed. Some applications need RFID tags that can accept and store data. Other applications need tag providing an additional level of security. Still other RFID applications may require a very low cost tags. There may be a need for a combination of some of these requirements. No RFID tag meets all the requirements just like in horse racing where there are horses for courses. In the case of RFID application, there are specific RFID tags RFID for specific applications. If you know your application requirements and constraints, there is probably an RFID tag that is the right one.
The four main ranges frequency of each tag are the strengths and weaknesses. LF, low frequency RFID, is used for applications that do not need to read long. LF RFID has been used for some time and is well accepted for applications such as machinery for the coding of the records of maintenance, control activities, livestock and animal tagging. LF works well in rugged environments and little else RFID as metal surfaces. LF has been and continues to be used in closed loop operations, such as POS transaction, security automotive door locks, monitoring, and laundry. LF tags are available in different form factors and sizes and can be designed to operate in extreme environments. LF include factors shaped cylinder of glass, plastic disc, plastic wedge, FOB, nail tag and badge, card or label.
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LF RFID penetrates most materials, such as water and body tissue. EMI is a restriction, if used in industrial electric motors may interfere with the LF. Due to the size of antenna needed, LF transponders are generally more expensive than high-frequency transponder. This limits the frequency for applications where the RFID transponder can be reused.
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These are some of the advantages and limitations of RFID LF:
- Also penetrates most materials including water and body tissue, making it ideal for animal identification
- Labels can be easily integrated into any non-metallic objects such as pallets, key fobs, cards, etc.
- LF could be affected by electrical noise that may be generated by motors in an industrial environment
- Relatively low transfer rate of data (70ms for read command), the lower the frequency the slower communication
- The transponders are more expensive ($ 2.00 - $ 17.00)
- Most LF systems can only read one transponder at a time of support and not to be read simultaneously more transponders
- Ranges are read from a few centimeters to a couple of meters, depending on the size of the transponder
- The frequency is used throughout the world. There are no restrictions
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- Currently most access control systems are based on LF, contact less cards or key fob for security. A single reading of the paper can be used simply such as identification or a read-write card can be used to maintain the access or security information.
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Passive High Frequency (HF) and operates at 13.56MHz is a globally accepted frequency, but there are some differences with the legislation in different regions of the world. These differences relate primarily to the power and bandwidth. In North America, Industry Canada and FCC limits the reader antenna to three watts of power, while in Europe the regulations allow for four watts.
Passive HF is also the basis of numerous standards, such as ISO 14443, 15693, 18000-3.
With HF, the signal travels through much more material, including water and body tissue. However, it is more affected by surrounding metals compared to low frequency (LF).
Compared to LF, the benefits of HF tags are lower costs, better communication speed and the ability to read multiple tags simultaneously.
The length antennas is based on the wavelength of the signal, then the higher the frequency the wavelength shorter. For this reason, there is flexibility that an antenna for a HF RFID tag is small enough that they can be produced by printing on a substrate, using conductive ink and then affixing the chip.
Today the cost for HF RFID tag or what are also known as Inlays is approximately $ 0.60 to $ 0.70. As demand increases, we see significantly lower prices.
RFID tags produced with HF chips are typically less than 1 mm thick and are available with different sizes of antennas. The larger the tag antenna, the greater the catch area of energy is the tag and the greater the communication distance from the reader. The small size of RFID tags may be easier in a package of products, but the downside is the reduction of distance communication available.
The capacity of the small size allows the inlay to be embedded in labels. Labels with inlays are called smart labels. Through the use of RFID printers with embedded or external readers not only smart labels can be printed, but can also be written.
With the current power regulations, HF is designed for applications that require a 1m or less of communication range. Orientation tags with respect to the reader antenna will have an impact on the communication range. To optimize the communication range, or antenna (tags and readers) should be parallel. Having the tag perpendicular to the RFID reader antenna can significantly reduce the range of communication.
The higher the frequency, the greater the throughput of data and the faster communication between the reader and tag. This increased speed allows the reader to communicate with RFID tags at once. The communication process with multiple tags is known as anti-collision and HF, a reader can read up to 50 labels per second.
The following are some of the advantages and limitations of HF RFID:
- Penetrates most materials and including water and body tissue
- Not as effective as LF in the presence of metal and water
- Tags can be easily incorporated into non-metallic objects, such as labels, pallet, key fobs, cards, etc.
- HF should not be affected by electrical noise that may be generated by motors in a industry. Higher speed transfer of data (20ms for read command), the higher the frequency, the faster the communication
- Transponders are cheaper (which can range from: $ 0.70 - $ 0.80 CDN)
- Reader can communicate simultaneously with more tags
- Bed is less than one meter
- Tags have large memory capacity
- The frequency is recognized and used globally (no restrictions)
- Global standard: ISO 15693, 14443, 18000-3
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 Although most of access control systems RFID today are based on LF, using contact less cards or key fobs, HF RFID is becoming the technology of choice for the new access control and security systems. Additional memory allows you to improve safety and the integration of biometrics as part of the security features. Improving access control systems are able to validate the activity, such as computer equipment and other items, as we pass through an access control system or a portal. Activities incorporated with an HF RFID tags can be read and identified within the access control system. Documents and files easily be identified and tracked as well.
Contact less Smart Cards or RFID cards are going to be the next generation of credit cards. Credit card companies have been testing RFID HF standards-based ISO 14443 for a while 'time. We must begin to see the spread of these new cards in the coming years, once the retail terminals are upgraded to support function RFID. One of the main reasons for the move to the contact less smart card is primarily for the strength and consistency with the performance levels associated RFID. When a tag is embedded in a card or other form factors, the tag is essentially protected from the surrounding environment. As for readers, which may also be enclosed and protected from the surrounding environment. The second reason for the transition to RFID technology is the additional memory can store the tag. This allows to improve the safety and security privacy issues. By using biometric data and personal access number greater security can be accomplished.
Ultra High Frequency refers to the range frequency from 300 MHz to 3 GHz spectrum. RFID technology has been developed in different regions of this band, in particular, 433 MHz, 860 -956 MHz and 2.45 GHz Attention This section will be specifically on the 860-956 MHz due to the fact that this series has attracted more investment in R & D and is positioned to dominate the UHF passive RFID spaces market. This technology is also known as Gen2.
UHF came in relief in the RFID market is fairly recent compared to more traditional high-frequency (13.56 MHz) and Low Frequency (125-134.2 kHz) technologies. HF is a robust technology that works well for item management applications, but not where it should be read beyond 1m is required. UHF vendors are intended to supply chain market in which distances are required to read more.
Technologically speaking, RFID in the UHF range differs from High Frequency systems in a number of ways. UHF operates in the first place in the 860-956 MHz allowing for shorter antennas and longer read distances. RFID Reader-Tag communication is implemented using backs-scatter technology. In this method, tag communicates with the reader by modulating the received signal and radiating back to the reader. This system is fundamentally different than Inductive-coupling method used in HF systems. Moreover, the anti collision (simultaneous reads) on the basis of implementation UHF is obtained using a protocol based on po 'di compared to HF broadcasting protocol that operates based on the concept of time slot. This makes it possible to increase the number tag to be read simultaneously in the UHF range, 200 labels usually as opposed to 50 tags with HF systems.
Although the UHF RFID addresses some shortcomings of HF RFID, primarily in terms of range of light, is struggling with its limitations and challenges. Today's UHF systems do not function in the presence of liquid HF and LF work fairly well in these environments. Metal poses a serious challenge for any RFID application, in the UHF range, however. In addition, lighter at a distance becomes a disadvantage in applications such as banking and access control.
One of the biggest challenges that has prevented the wide spread implementation of UHF RFID is the lack accepted worldwide standards and regulations. Today the global economy, cross continental trade requires goods to be universally identifiable. Currently, different frequencies, power and security are in place in different regions of the world. In North America, UHF operates at 902 - 928 MHz in Europe, works in the UHF 860 - 868 MHz using Japan 950 - 956 MHz
The following are some of advantages and limitations of UHF RFID:
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- Provides read distances, typically in the range 3-6 m
- Labels can be easily integrated in solid non-metallic objects, such as labels, pallets, papers, etc.
- High throughput Data and faster anti collision scheme facilitate reading the highest rates. 800 states, in theory, it is feasible, but the reading rate is 200 for practical purposes
- UHF Transponders cost less compared to HF due to lower memory capacity and simpler manufacturing process
- Low tag memory, Most of the buildings currently UHF tags do not have user memory and only bring some 'serial number 96
- The lack of global standards and regulations. Work is underway to establish a uniform standard acceptable to all regions of the world
- Poor performance around metals and liquids
- Crowded frequency band 860-960 MHz is part ISM (Industrial, Scientific, Medical) band, making it one of the most crowded regions of the spectrum
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 There complication are factors that have hampered a little 'faster progress in the UHF RFID market. As mentioned above, the UHF technology suffers from lack of rules and regulations. ISO and EPC Global is the main organizations working to design standards and specifications for the UHF RFID technology. However, sometimes, these two organizations seem to be moving in competing pathways, resulting in duplication of efforts and confusion in the market. This has caused some of the major suppliers and users to delay their entry into the RFID market. Currently, EPC standards have defined specification for Class 0, Class 1 and Gen2 tags. At the same time, the ISO 18000-6 standard for the 900 MHz UHF band. O UHF Gen2 is been exploited as a move forward for the technology supply chain. Gen2 is also beginning to erode the legacy HF and LF Gen2 solutions and price decreases, as a greater ability to read the distance increases.
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About GAO RFID Inc.
GAO RFID Inc. is a leading provider Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) hardware and solutions to end users worldwide. GAO RFID combines best of breed with low cost RFID readers, RFID tags and enabling-RFID software. We have a wide range of RFID readers, tags and antennas in all the RFID technologies, Low Frequency (LF), High Frequency (HF), Ultra High Frequency (UHF, Gen 2) and active and semi-Passive. GAO RFID € ™ s products and services can be easily customized for use in monitoring activities, health care, Supply Chain & Logistics, Event Management, Access Control, Livestock Tracking, Inventory Control & Management, Field Service and maintenance of document authentication.
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For more information, please visit target = "_blank"> http://www.GAORFID.com
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